Drug Rehab

Alcoholism

Classification
Alcohol and Health
The short-term effects of alcohol
The long-term alcohol
Alcohol and cardiovascular disease
Alcoholic liver disease
Alcoholic Hepatitis
Alcohol and cancer
Alcohol and weight
Alcohol Syndrome fetal
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
Alcoholism
Blackout (alcohol-related amnesia)
The Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Intake maximum recommended
Wine and health
The definitions of terms related to alcoholism and vary significantly between the medical community, programs treatment, and the general public.
Medical definitions
The National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine defines alcoholism as a primary disease characterized by chronic deterioration control over drinking, preoccupation with alcohol, drug, alcohol use despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking. "The DSM-IV (Diagnostic Manual dominant psychiatry and psychology) defines alcohol abuse repeated use despite recurrent adverse consequences. It further defines alcohol dependence as alcohol abuse combined with tolerance, withdrawal, and an uncontrollable drive to drink. (See DSM diagnosis below.) Within psychology and psychiatry, alcoholism is the popular term for alcohol dependence.
Terminology
Many terms are applied to a drinker's relationship with alcohol. The use, misuse, heavy use, abuse, addiction and dependence are all common labels used to describe the habits of consumption, but the real meaning of these words can vary greatly depending on the context in which they are used. Even within the field of medicine, the definition can vary between areas of specialization. Because alcoholism is often used in a pejorative sense in politics and religion, the meanings of surrounding words are often used imprecisely.
Use refers to simple use of a substance. A person who drinks an alcoholic beverage is the use of alcohol. Misuse, problem use, abuse and heavy use refers to alcohol abuse can cause physical, social, moral or damage to the drinker.
Moderate use is defined by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans as no more than two alcoholic drinks per day for men and more than one drink per day for women.
Risk factors
About 40 percent of those who begin drinking before age 14 develop alcohol dependence, while only 10 percent of those who did not start drinking until age 20 years or more developed an alcohol problem in later life, although should be noted that correlation does not imply causation. Alcohol abuse during adolescence can lead to long-term changes in the brain that makes it increase risk alcoholism in recent years, genetic factors also influence the age at onset of alcohol abuse and alcoholism risk.
The age of smoking initiation alcohol as well as genetic factors are associated with an increased risk of developing alcoholism. People who have a preexisting vulnerability to alcoholism also are more likely to start drinking earlier than average. The risk behaviors associated with adolescence promotes excessive consumption of alcohol. Age and genetic factors influence risk of developing alcohol-related neurotoxicity. Genetic traits that influence the risk of developing alcoholism is associated with a family history of alcoholism. An article found that consumption of alcohol at an early age may itself directly affect the risk of developing alcoholism through influencing the expression of genes that increase the risk of alcohol dependence. It was hypothesized that this increased risk may be due to the high sensitivity of adolescent brain development that leads to modulation of the genetic status of the brain that in turn prepares the adolescent to a higher risk of alcohol dependence. About 40 percent of alcoholics drank over in late adolescence. Most alcoholics develop alcoholism in adolescence or young adulthood. Severe childhood trauma also is associated with an increased risk of problems with alcohol or other drugs. There is evidence that a complex mix of genetic and environmental factors, such as stressful events childhood influence the risk of developing alcoholism. The genes that influence alcohol metabolism also influence the risk of alcoholism. Good colleagues and support family is associated with a lower risk of developing alcoholism.
Signs and symptoms
Effects of long-term abuse of alcohol
Main article: The long-term alcohol
The most significant potential long-term effects of ethanol. In addition, pregnant women, which causes alcohol syndrome fetal.
The main effect of alcoholism is to encourage the victim to drink at times and in amounts that are harmful to physical health. Secondary damage caused by the inability to control their consumption manifests itself in many ways. Alcoholism also has important social costs for both the alcoholic and his family and friends. Alcoholism can have adverse mental health causes psychiatric disorders to develop. About 18 percent of alcoholics commit suicide. Research has found that more than fifty percent of all suicides are associated with alcohol or substance abuse. In adolescents, the figure is higher with alcohol or drugs played a role in a 70 percent of suicides.
The physical health effects
The physical health effects associated with alcohol consumption may include cirrhosis, pancreatitis, epilepsy, polyneuropathy, alcoholic dementia, heart disease, increased chance of cancer, nutritional deficiencies, sexual dysfunction, and death many sources. Severe cognitive problems are not rare in alcoholics. Approximately 10% of all dementia cases are alcohol making alcohol-related causes second primary dementia. Other adverse effects on physical health include increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease, malabsorption, liver disease alcoholic and cancer. Damage to the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system can occur by sustained alcohol consumption.
Effects on mental health
Misuse long term alcohol can cause a wide range of mental health effects. Alcohol abuse is not only toxic to the body but also brain function and therefore psychological well-being may be adversely affected by long-term effects of abuse. Psychiatric disorders are common in alcoholics, especially anxiety disorders and depression, with no less than 25% of alcoholics with serious psychiatric disorders. Typically these psychiatric symptoms caused by abuse of alcohol initially worsen during alcohol withdrawal but with abstinence these psychiatric symptoms tend to gradually improve or disappear completely. Psychosis, confusion, and organic brain syndrome may be induced by chronic alcohol abuse can lead to a misdiagnosis of major disorders mental health such as schizophrenia. Panic disorder can develop as a direct result of alcohol abuse long term. Panic disorder may also worsen or presented as part of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Chronic alcohol abuse can cause panic disorder to develop or worsen an underlying panic disorder through the distortion of the neurochemical system in the brain.
The co-occurrence of major depressive disorder and alcoholism is well documented. Among those with the events of comorbidity, a distinction is commonly made between depressive episodes are secondary to pharmacological or toxic effects of excessive use of alcohol and remit with abstinence, and depressive episodes that are primary and not to refer to abstinence. Additional use of other drugs may increase the risk of depression in alcoholics. Depressive episodes with an earlier onset heavy drinking or those who remain in the absence of heavy drinking are typically referred to as "independent" episodes while those who appear to be etiologically related to excessive alcohol consumption are called "substance-induced." There is a high suicide rate in alcoholics chronic suicide risk with increasing the longer a person drinks. The reasons believed to cause increased risk of suicide in alcoholics include long-term abuse Alcohol and physiological causes distortion of brain chemistry and social isolation that is common in alcoholics. Suicide is also common in adolescents who abuse alcohol, with 1 in 4 suicides among adolescents is related to alcohol abuse.
Social effects
Social problems arising Alcoholism can be massive and are caused in part due to the severe pathological changes induced in the brain and prolonged alcohol abuse in part due to the intoxicating effects of alcohol. Alcohol abuse is also associated with an increased risk of committing crimes, including child abuse, domestic violence, rapes, robberies and assaults. Alcoholism associated with loss of employment, which can lead to financial problems, including loss of housing. Drinking at inappropriate times, and behavior caused by the decision Guests can lead to legal consequences, such as criminal charges for drunk driving or public disorder or civil penalties for the unlawful conduct. An alcoholic is the behavior and mental impairment while drunk can profoundly affect those around them and lead to isolation fromfamily and friends, which can lead to civil conflict and divorce, or contributing to domestic violence. This may contribute to a loss of self esteem and even lead to jail. Alcoholism can also lead to neglect, with subsequent long-lasting damage in the alcoholic's emotional development for children, even after reaching adulthood.
Abstinence alcohol
Main article: Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome
Alcohol withdrawal is very different from most other drugs, it can be directly fatal. For example, it is very rare that withdrawal from heroin to be fatal. When people die from heroin or cocaine withdrawal often have serious problems underlying health are exacerbated by the strain of acute withdrawal. An alcoholic, however, has no serious health problems, has a significant risk of dying the direct effects of withdrawal if not managed properly. Sedative-hypnotic drugs such as barbiturates and benzodiazepines that have a mechanism of action similar to alcohol (which is also a sedative hypnotic) also have a similar risk of causing death during withdrawal.
main effect of alcohol is increased in GABAA receptor stimulation, promotion of the central nervous system depression. With repeated use of heavy alcohol, these receptors are insensitive and reduced in number, resulting in tolerance and physical dependence. Thus, when alcohol is stopped, especially abruptly, the nervous system of the person suffering from synapses firing out of control. This can result in symptoms such as anxiety, life threatening seizures, delirium tremens and hallucinations, tremors and possible heart failure.
Acute withdrawal symptoms tend to decrease after one to three weeks. Less severe symptoms (eg insomnia and anxiety, anhedonia) may continue as part of a withdrawal since gradually improved with abstinence for a year or more. Withdrawal symptoms begin to disappear as the body and the central nervous system makes adjustments to reverse tolerance and GABA restore function to normal. Other neurotransmitter systems are involved, especially glutamate and NMDA.
Diagnosis
Multiple tools are available for those wishing to conduct screening for alcoholism. Identification is an objective assessment of the damage that drinking alcohol makes the drinker's life compared to the subjective benefits the drinker perceives from consuming alcohol. While there are many cases where an alcoholic's life has been significantly and obviously damaged, there are always borderline cases that may be difficult to classify.
Addiction Medicine specialists have extensive training in relation to diagnosis and treatment of patients with alcoholism.
Screening
Several tools can used to detect loss of control of alcohol consumption. These tools are essentially self-reports as a guest. Another common theme is the rating or count that summarizes the overall severity of alcohol consumption.
The CAGE questionnaire, named for its four questions, is an example that can be used to quickly detect patients in the doctor's office.
Two positive answers indicate that the defendant should be investigated further. The questionnaire asks the following questions:
Have you ever felt you needed to reduce their alcohol consumption?
Do people who criticize Annoyed by your drinking?
Have you ever felt guilty about drink?
Have you ever felt that he needed a drink in the morning (revelation) to steady your nerves or get rid of a hangover?
The CAGE questionnaire, has proven highly effective in detecting alcohol-related problems, however, has limitations in people with less serious alcohol-related problems white women and college students.
Alcohol Dependence Data Questionnaire is a diagnostic test more sensitive than the CAGE test. It helps to distinguish a alcohol dependence diagnosis of one of the heavy consumption of alcohol.
The Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (MAST) is a screening tool for alcoholism widely used by courts to determine the appropriate sentencing for people convicted of alcohol offenses, driving under the influence being the most common.
Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) is a screening questionnaire developed by the World Health Organization. This test has the peculiarity that has been validated in six countries and is used internationally. Like the CAGE questionnaire, using a series of simple questions – a score high school achieved a deeper investigation.
The Paddington Alcohol Test (PAT) was designed to detect alcohol-related problems among participants hospital emergency department. It agrees well with the AUDIT questionnaire but is administered by a fifth time.
Predisposition genetic testing
Psychiatric geneticists John I. Nurnberger, Jr. and Laura Jean Bierut suggests that alcoholism is not a single geneticut causencluding that genes play an important role "by affecting processes in the body and brain that interact with that of an individual to produce life experiences protection or vulnerability. "They also report fewer than a dozen alcoholism-related genes have been identified, but most likely they expect discovery.
At least one genetic test exists for an allele that correlates with alcoholism and addiction to opiates. Human dopamine receptor genes have a detectable variation called DRD2 TaqI polymorphism. Those who possess the A1 allele (variation) of this polymorphism have a small but significant tendency towards addiction to opiates and endorphin releasing drugs like alcohol. Although this allele is slightly more common in alcoholics and opiate addicts, it is not itself an adequate predictor of alcoholism, and some researchers claim that the evidence for DRD2 is contradictory.
DSM diagnosis
DSM-IV diagnosis of alcohol dependence represents one approach to the definition of alcoholism. In part, this is to assist in the development of research protocols in which the results can be compared with each other. According to the DSM-IV diagnosis of dependence Alcohol is:
… Maladaptive alcohol consumption to clinically significant impairment as manifested by at least three of the following within a period of one year: tolerance, withdrawal, taken in larger amounts or for longer than the course is intended;; desire or unsuccessful attempts to cut down or control use of a wide range of time spent obtaining, using, or recovering from use, and social, occupational or recreational activities given up or reduced, continued use despite knowledge of consequences physical or psychological.
Urine and blood
There is reliable evidence for the use of alcohol, a common test will be the blood alcohol content (BAC). These tests do not differentiate alcoholics from non-alcoholics, however, the long-term heavy drinking has few recognizable effects on the body, including:
Macrocytosis (Enlarged MCV) 1
Elevated GGT
Moderate elevation of AST and ALT and an AST: ALT ratio of 2:1.
High carbohydrate deficient transferrin (CDT)
However, none of these blood tests for biomarkers as sensitive as screening questionnaires.
Prevention
Since disorders alcohol use are perceived to impact on society as a whole, the World Health Organization, the European Union and other regional bodies, governments and national parliaments have formed alcohol policies in order to reduce the harm of alcoholism.
To combat the health, social and school underachievement resulting from alcohol dependence or drug abuse for adolescents and young adults is considered an important step to reduce the harm from alcohol abuse. The age at which drug laws such as alcohol abuse can be bought, and prohibit or restrict the advertising of alcohol has been recommended. Credible and evidence-based educational units in the media information about the consequences of alcohol and other drugs has also been recommended. Guidelines for parents on alcohol and drug use during adolescence and targeting young people with mental health problems has also been suggested to prevent damage from alcohol and other drugs.
Administration
Treatments for alcoholism (antidipsotropic) are very varied because there are multiple perspectives of the condition itself. Those who approach alcoholism as a medical condition or illness recommend different treatments, for example, those who approach the condition as a social choice.
Most treatments focus on helping to stop their alcohol consumption, followed by the formation of life and / or social support to help resist the return to alcohol consumption. Since alcoholism involves multiple contributing factors to a person to continue drinking, they must all be addressed in order to successfully prevent a relapse. An example of this type of drug treatment is followed by a combination of supportive therapy, attendance at self-help groups, and the ongoing development of coping mechanisms. The treatment community for alcoholism usually supports an abstinence-based zero tolerance approach, however, there are some who promote a harm reduction approach as well.
Effectiveness
In considering the effectiveness of treatment options, consider the success rate on the basis of entering a program, not only those who complete. Since the completion of a program is the training for success, success among those who complete a program is usually about 100%. It is also important to consider not only the rate of the objectives get treatment but the rate of relapse. The results also should be compared with the rate of approximately 5% for people out on their own. A year after completing a rehabilitation program, about one third of alcoholics are sober, an additional 40 percent are substantially improved, but occasionally drink to excess, and a room full relapse.
Detoxification
Main article: Alcohol detoxification
Alcohol detoxification or 'detox' for alcoholics is an abrupt stop of alcohol consumption along with the substitution of drugs that have similar effects to avoid the syndrome alcohol withdrawal.
Detoxification treats the physical effects of prolonged use of alcohol, but do not actually treat alcoholism. After detoxification is complete, relapse is likely without further treatment. These rehabilitations (or 'rehabs') may take place in an inpatient or outpatient.
Therapy and group psychotherapy
A regional service center Alcoholics Anonymous.
After detoxification, various forms of group therapy or psychotherapy can be used to treat underlying psychological problems that are related to alcohol addiction as well as provide relapse prevention skills.
The mutual aid group counseling approach is one of the most common ways of helping alcoholics maintain sobriety. Many organizations have been formed to provide this service. Alcoholics Anonymous was the first group, and has more members than all other programs combined. Some of the others include LifeRing Secular Recovery, Rational Recovery, SMART Recovery, and women for sobriety.
Rationing and moderation
Rationing and moderation programs such as moderation DrinkWise management without mandate complete abstinence. While most alcoholics are unable to limit their consumption of alcohol in this way, some return to drinking moderation. A 2002 U.S. study by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) showed that 17.7% of people diagnosed as alcohol dependent more than one year prior returned to low-risk consumption. This group, however, showed fewer initial symptoms of dependence. A follow-up study, using same issues that were considered in remission in 2001-2002, examined the rates of return to alcohol problems in the period 2004-2005. The study found abstinence Alcohol was the most stable form of remission of recovering alcoholics. Long-term (60 years) follow-up of two groups of male alcoholics concluded that "return to controlled drinking rarely persisted for much more than a decade without relapse or evolution into abstinence."
Medications
A variety of medications can be prescribed as a treatment for alcoholism.
The drugs currently in use
Antabuse (disulfiram) prevents the elimination acetaldehyde, a chemical that the body produces when breaking down ethanol. Acetaldehyde is itself the cause of many symptoms of alcohol hangover. The overall effect is severe discomfort when alcohol is ingested: an uncomfortable hangover quick and lasting action. This discourages an alcoholic from drinking in significant amounts, while are taking the medication. A recent 9-year study found that incorporation of supervised disulfiram carbamide and a related compound in a treatment program integral led to a withdrawal rate of over 50%.
Temposil (calcium carbimide) works the same way as Antabuse but is weaker and more secure [citation required].
Naltrexone is a competitive antagonist of opioid receptors, blocking our ability to use endorphins and opiates. Alcohol causes the body to release endorphins, therefore, when the naltrexone is in drinkers body no longer receive any pleasure from consuming alcohol. Naltrexone is used in two very different forms of treatment. The first treatment uses naltrexone to decrease cravings for alcohol and promote abstinence. The other treatment, called pharmacological extinction, combines naltrexone with habits normal consumption in order to reverse the endorphin conditioning that causes alcohol addiction. This translates into a reduction in the desire to drink that persists after Naltrexone use is discontinued, provided that the patient always taking naltrexone before drinking.
Naltrexone comes in two forms. oral naltrexone (initially, but not available as the brand ReVia) is a pill that must be taken one hour before drinking to be effective. Vivitrol is an extended release formulation is injected on the buttocks once a month.
Acamprosate (also known as Campral) is thought to stabilize the chemical balance of the brain that would otherwise be interrupted by alcoholism. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the drug in 2004, saying "While its mechanism of action is unknown, it is believed that Campral acts on the brain pathways related to alcohol abuse … Campral proved superior to placebo in maintaining abstinence for a short period time … "The COMBINE study was unable to demonstrate the effectiveness of acamprosate.
Experimental drugs
Many experimental drugs are currently in clinical trials for treatment of alcoholism. Promising results have been obtained with anticonvulsant drugs normally used to treat epilepsy.
Topiramate (Brand name Topamax), a natural derivative of sugar monosaccharide D-fructose, has proven effective in helping alcoholics quit or cut down on drink. In a study of heavy drinkers were six times more likely to remain abstinent one month when taking the medicine, even in small doses. In another study, who received topiramate had fewer heavy drinking days, fewer drinks per day and more days of continuous abstinence than those receiving placebo. The evidence suggests that topiramate antagonizes excitatory glutamate receptors, inhibits dopamine release and enhances the inhibitory function of gamma-aminobutyric acid. A review 2008 of topiramate effectiness concluded that the results of published trials are promising, but at this point, the data are insufficient to support the use of topiramate counseling regarding compliance short week as first-line agent for alcohol dependence.
Drugs that can worsen outcomes
Benzodiazepines, while useful in the management of acute alcohol withdrawal, if used long-term cause a worse outcome in alcoholism. Chronic alcoholics of benzodiazepines have a lower rate of achieving abstinence from alcohol than those not taking benzodiazepines. This class of drugs commonly prescribed for alcoholics insomnia or anxiety management. Implementation of the requirements of benzodiazepines or sedative hypnotics in individuals in recovery has a high recurrence rate with an author of the report, more than a quarter of people relapse after being prescribed sedative-hypnotics. Patients often mistakenly believe that they are sober despite to continue taking benzodiazepines. Those who are long-term users of benzodiazepines should not be removed quickly, tilting schemes have been 612 months found to be the most successful, with a reduced intensity of the withdrawal.
Dual addictions
The definition of alcoholism AMA refers to a disease entity involving compulsive use of alcohol despite social, physical and mental damage. [Citation needed]. The DSM-IV definition of alcohol dependence refers to alcohol only, and the DSM-IV dependence on sedatives used to refer to the disease entity in which no alcohol sedatives. [Citation needed]
Alcoholics also may require treatment of psychotropic drug addictions. The most common dual addiction to alcohol dependence is a benzodiazepine dependence studies showing 10-20% of people dependent on alcohol are problems of dependency and / or problems of abuse of benzodiazepines. Alcohol is a sedative hypnotic in itself and cross-tolerance with other sedative hypnotics such as barbiturates, benzodiazepines and nonbenzodiazepine. The dependence of other sedative hypnotics such as zolpidem and zopiclone, and opiates and illegal drugs is common in alcoholics. Dependence and withdrawal of sedative-hypnotics, for example, benzodiazepine withdrawal is similar alcohol and may be medically severe and include the risk of psychosis and seizures if not managed properly. Benzodiazepine dependency requires a careful reduction the dose to avoid a withdrawal syndrome of benzodiazepines and serious health consequences. Benzodiazepines have the problem of growing concern over alcohol problem consumers of alcohol. Benzodiazepines also increase the volume of alcohol consumed by problem drinkers.
Epidemiology
Disability-adjusted life during one year by alcohol use disorders per 100,000 in 2002.
no data is less than 50 50-150 150-250 250-350 350-450 450-550 550-650 650-750 750-850 850-950 950-1050 over 1050
Total recorded alcohol per year per capita consumption (15 +), in liters of pure alcohol
Substance use disorders are a major problem public health faced by many countries. "The most common substance abuse / dependence in patients presenting for treatment is alcohol." In the UK, the number of 'dependent drinkers' was calculated as more than 2.8 million in 2001. The World Health Organization estimates that about 140 million of people worldwide suffering from alcohol dependence. In the United States and Western Europe 10-20% of men and 5-10% of women at some point in their lives are fulfilled criteria for alcoholism.
Within the medical and scientific communities, there is broad consensus regarding alcoholism as a disease state. For example, the American Medical Association considers alcohol a drug and claims that "drug addiction is a chronic, relapsing disease characterized by compulsive drug brain Despite the search and use often devastating consequences. It results from a complex interplay of biological vulnerability, environmental exposure, and developmental factors (eg, stage of maturity of the brain). "
Current evidence indicates that both men and women, alcoholism is 50-60% genetically determined, leaving 40-50% of environmental influences.
A 2002 study by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism surveyed a group of 4422 adults who met the criteria for alcohol dependence and found that after a year, some met the criteria of the authors of low-risk consumption, but only 25.5% of treatment group received, broken down as follows:
25% still dependent
27.3% in partial remission (some of the symptoms persist)
11.8% asymptomatic drinkers (consumption increases the chances of relapse)
35.9% recovered completely composed of 17.7% were heavy drinkers low risk, 18.2% more than abstainers.
In contrast, however, the results of a long-term (60 years) follow-up of two groups of alcoholic men George Vaillant of Harvard Medical School, said "return to controlled drinking rarely persisted for much more than a decade without relapse or progression to abstinence. "Vaillant also noted that the drink" back to the control, as reported in short term studies, is often a mirage. "
History
Etymology
1904 ad describing alcoholism as a disease.
The term "alcoholism" was first used in 1849 by Swedish Physician Magnus Huss to describe the adverse systemic effects of alcohol.
In the United States, the use of the word "alcoholism" was popularized by a large part of the founding and growth of Alcoholics Anonymous in 1935 [citation needed]. AA's basic text, known as the "Big Book" describes alcoholism as a disease that involves a physical allergy: p.xxviii and a mental obsession.: p.23 Note that the definition of "allergy" as used in this context is not the same as that used in modern medicine. . The physician and addiction specialist Dr. William D. Silkworth MD writes on behalf of AA Alcoholics suffer from a (physical) desire beyond mental control. "
A 1960 study by E. Morton Jellinek is considered the foundation of the modern theory of the disease of alcoholism. definition Jellinek restricted the use of the word "alcoholism" to those who show a particular natural history. The modern medical definition of alcoholism has been revised several times since. The American Medical Association currently uses the word alcoholism to refer to a particular chronic primary disease.
A minority opinion within the field, in particular, advocated by Herbert Fingarette and Stanton Peele, argue against the existence of alcoholism as a disease. Critics of the model disease tend to use the term "heavy drinking" when discussing the negative effects of alcohol consumption.
Society and Culture
The various health problems associated with alcohol consumption in the long run are generally perceived as detrimental to society, for example, money due to lost man-hours, medical expenses and costs of secondary treatment. Alcohol consumption is a major contributing factor to head injuries, car accidents, violence and aggression. Beyond money, there is also pain and suffering of those affected, in addition to the alcoholic. For example, the consumption of alcohol by a pregnant woman can cause fetal alcohol syndrome, an incurable and damaging condition.
Estimates of economic costs of alcohol abuse, collected by the Organization World Health Organization, vary from one to six percent of the GDP of a country. Australia An estimate of social costs of alcohol related in 24 percent of all costs of abuse drug, a similar Canadian study concluded alcohol share was 41 percent.
A study quantifies the cost to the UK of all forms of abuse of alcohol, 18.520 billion annually (2001 figures).
Stereotypes
Representation of a drunk or a drunk people
Stereotypes of alcoholics are often found in fiction and popular culture. The "town drunk" is a stock character in popular Western culture.
Stereotypes of drunkenness can be based on racism or xenophobia, as in the representation of the Irish as heavy drinkers.
Studies by social psychologists and treat Stivers Greeley to document the perceived prevalence of heavy drinking among the Irish in America.
alcohol-related crime
See also: the drug-related crime
This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please improve this section if possible. (July 2009)
In the U.S. adult population, at least 75% are drinkers, and about 6% of the total group are alcoholics. In groups that are almost 100 of drinkers%, the rate of alcoholism is approximately 8%. Many reports indicate that about 73% of alcohol-related offenses. A survey shows that about 67% cases beating children, 41% of cases of forcible rape, 80% of wife-beating, stabbing 72% and 83% of homicides, whether perpetrator or victim or both had been drinking. "
In film and literature
In modern times, the recovery movement has led to more realistic representations of the problems arising from excessive use of alcohol. Authors such as Charles R. Jackson and Charles Bukowski describe their own alcohol addiction in their writings. The disjointed narrative Patrick Rip Hamilton Square reflects the spirit of its central character. A famous painting of alcoholism, and the psychology of an alcoholic, is in Malcolm Lowry's novel widely acclaimed Under the Volcano, which details the last days of the British consul Geoffrey Firmin on the Day of the Dead in Mexico 1939 and his decision to continue his extreme alcohol consumption instead of returning to the woman he loves.
Films like Bad Santa, Barfly, Days of Wine and Roses, Ironweed, My name is Bill W., Withnail and I, Arthur, Leaving Las Vegas, when a man loves a woman, broken spirits and The Lost Weekend chronicle similar stories of alcoholism.
Women and alcoholism
Alcoholism is more prevalent among men, although in recent decades, the proportion of female alcoholics has increased. It is important to articulate the various biological and social forms manifest alcoholism in women in order to understand the barriers to treatment and strategies effective recovery.
William Hogarth Gin Lane, 1751.
biological differences and physiological effects
Biologically, women have profiles symptoms of alcohol consumption differ in important ways from men. Experience a telescoping of the physiological effects of alcohol consumption. Equal doses of alcohol consumed by men and women usually result in women with higher blood alcohol concentration (BAC). This can be attributed to many reasons, the main is that women have less body water than men. A given amount of alcohol, therefore becomes much more concentrated in the body of a woman. In addition to this In fact, women are also more intoxicated, which is due to the release of different hormones.
Women develop long-term complications dependence alcohol faster than men alcoholics. In addition, women have higher mortality rates of alcoholism than men. Examples of complications during term include the brain, heart and liver damage and increased risk of breast cancer (see alcohol and breast cancer). Also, the time consumption Excessive alcohol has been found more than having a negative effect on reproductive performance in women. This results in reproductive dysfunction such as anovulation, decrease in ovarian mass, irregular menses, amenorrhea, luteal phase dysfunction, and early menopause.
Psychological and emotional effects
The psychiatric disorders are generally more prevalent among people with alcohol disorders. This is true for both men and women, however differ disorders gender. Women with alcohol use disorders often have co-existing psychiatric diagnosis, such as major depression, anxiety disorder panic, bulimia, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or borderline personality disorder. Men with alcohol use disorders over often have co-occurring diagnosis of narcissistic personality disorders and antisocial, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, impulse disorders and attention deficit Hyperactivity.
Women with alcoholism are also more likely to have a history of physical or sexual assault, abuse and domestic violence among the population in general. This trauma can lead to higher levels of PTSD, depression, anxiety and increased alcohol dependence.
Societal barriers to treatment
The social attitudes and stereotypes about women and alcohol can create barriers to detection and treatment of women who abuse alcohol. Such beliefs stigmatize women who drink to qualify as "both generally and sexually immoral" or "fallen women." The fear of stigma can lead women to deny that they are suffering from a medical condition, to hide their drinking and drink alone. This pattern, in turn, bring the family, doctors and others to be less likely to suspect that a woman they know is an alcoholic.
By contrast, social attitudes and stereotypes about men and alcohol can reduce barriers the detection and treatment of men who abuse alcohol. Such beliefs of men who drink reward to qualify as "both in general and sexual morality" or "Resurrection men." Reduction of fear of stigma can lead men to admit they are suffering from a medical condition, to showcase your drinking, and drinking in groups. This pattern, in turn, bring the family, physicians, and others to be more likely to suspect that a man they know is an alcoholic. Women also tend to have a greater fear of negative consequences of stigma that reflect the poverty of their families. This can also prevent search help.
Implications for treatment
Research has shown the lack of adequate training for professionals in both the abuse of alcohol in general and in relation to women's issues. The complexity of alcohol use disorders, especially in matters relating to gender, that the need professional knowledge, intelligence and compassion is great. Better education and awareness of the environment the gender implications of alcoholism help care providers to adequately treat women suffering from alcoholism. Early intervention will also increase the chance of recovery.
See also
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: alcoholism
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alcoholism
Consumption Alcohol and health
Alcoholism in family systems
Alcohol dementia
Alcohol-related traffic accidents
Alcohol tolerance
Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome
Alcoholic lung disease
Binge drinking
List of countries by alcohol consumption
Alcohol poisoning
E. Morton Jellinek
Ethanol Metabolism biochemical discussion of alcohol metabolism
Handbook on Drug and Alcohol Abuse
Hangover
List deaths through alcohol
Substance Abuse
Self-medication
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Willingway Hospital
Diagnoses physicians to detect alcohol
Blood Alcohol Content
Complete blood count
Liver function tests
Al-Anon and Alateen: support groups for friends and families affected by alcoholism
References
^ The American Medical Association "Definitions"
^ Www.dictionary.com Definition: dipsomania
^ Glavas MM, Weinberg J (2006). "Stress, alcohol consumption, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis." Yehuda S, Mostofsky DI. Nutrients, stress and medical disorders. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. pp. 165 183. ISBN 978-1-58829-432-6.
^ Agarwal-Kozlowski, K., Agarwal, DP. (April 2000). "[The genetic predisposition] alcoholism." There Umsch 57 (4): 17 984. PMID 10804873.
^ Chen, CY., Storr, CL., Anthony, JC. (Mar 2009). "Early initiation of drug use and risk of drug problems.." Addictive Behaviour 34 (3): 31 922. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.10.021. PMID 19022584.
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^ Abcdef Karrol Brad R. (2002). "Women and alcohol use disorders: a review of important knowledge and its implications for social work professionals. "Journal of Social Work 2 (3): 337 356. doi: 10.1177/146801730200200305 …. About the Author

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